Conjunctions & Connecting words

Definition 3 = A statement + 8 groups of conjunctions
A coordinating conjunction: group 1
                     (inside a sentence) 
B subordinating conjunction: group 2 – 8

                     (beginning a dependent clause)

Note:  Transition Words (at the beginning of a sentence)
Refer to http://www.smart-words.org/linking-words/conjunctions.html

+ Group 1: Coordinating (lien ket) (X and Y):
And (tells you more);
But (makes a contrast);
Both … And … ;
Not only … But Also …;
Either … Or … (hoac … hoac …);
Neither … Nor … (khong … cung khong …);
Yet

Using Coordinating Conjunctions:
BOTH … AND … (vua … vua …)
_ He’s both intelligent and generous
NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO … (khong nhung …ma con …)
_ He’s not only intelligent but also generous
EITHER … OR … (hoac … hoac …) (used to show a choice of two things)
_ Well, I think she's Czech or Slovak.
_ I'm going to buy either a camera or a DVD player.
_ He’s either intelligent or experienced
… AS WELL AS … (… cung nhu …)
_ He’s experienced as well as powerful
… BUT … (… nhung …)
_ He’s intelligent, powerful but not generous
… YET …  (… tuy nhien …)
_ He’s intelligent, experienced yet stingy
... Neither … Nor … (negative statement is true of two things)
_ I neither knew nor cared what had happened to him.
_ Their house is neither big nor small.

Other:
Along with + Noun (cung voi)
Furthermore
In addition
As well
Also
_ The food is usually very good. Furthermore, it is one of the cheapest restaurants in town.
_ The set menu is 10$, which is excellent value. In addition, you get a free glass of wine.
_ The food is excellent in that restaurant. It's very good value as well (or too).
_ The restaurant has a reputation for excellent food. It's also very good value.

+ Group 2: Cause/effect (Nguyen Nhan/Ket qua) - Reason (Lý do):
Because (answers the question why?);
Since; As; So; Inasmuch As (va lai vi);
Now that (boi vi gio day)

Because of, in spite of, regardless of
Due to, Owing to

_ Mary wore a raincoat because is was raining.
_ Mary stayed at home yesterday because she had a headache.
_ I went home early because/as/since I was feeling a bit tired.
_ The plane was late due to bad weather.
_ Due to/Owing to the power cut last night, I missed the late film on TV.

Note: "Cause" and "result" verbs
_ Police think the bus caused the accident. (= was responsible for the accident)
_ The extra investment should lead to more jobs. (= result in more jobs)
_ Police think that a cigarette caused the fire which resulted in the destruction of the building.

+ Group 3: Time (thoi gian) and Sequence (thứ tự):

When (answer the question when);
Whenever (bat cu khi nao);
After/ Before (answers the question what happened first?);
As soon as (ngay khi);
Once (moi khi);
Till/ Until;
As/ While/ Since
After that/Then

(When and As soon as = more immediate)

_ I'll phone my uncle when I get home/As soon as I get home I'll phone my uncle.
_ When you've finished you can go home/You can go home as soon as you've finished.
(Two things happening as the same time)
_ The accident happened while I was on my way to work.
_ I saw him (just) as I came out of the office.
(One thing after another)
_ I finished my homework, after that I played a couple of computer games.
_ After my visit to New York, I decided to have a rest.
_ We had something to eat before we went out.
(A sequence of action) Fist of all ... Then/After that ... Finally.
_ We had a great holiday. First of all we spent a few days in St. Moritz. Then/After that we drove down to the Italian Rivera and stayed in Portofino for a week. Finally, we went back to Switzerland and visited some old friends in Lucerne.
(A sequence of reasons) First, Second, Third.
_ Why can't we go away this weekend? _ First because I'm busy this weekend. Second you've got a lot of school work to do. And third we're planning to go away next weekend.

+ Group 4: Condition (Dieu kien):
If (make a condition)
Unless (tru phi, neu khong = if not)

_ John will stay home if the weather isn't nice.
_ John will stay home unless the weather is nice.
_ John might go to New York unless it costs too much.
_ Paul will never know where you live if you don't tell him.
_ I am going to Florida unless I get a good job here.
_ I can't buy and new shoes if you don't give me any money.
_ Joe will take the bus unless he has a date.
_ John will go swimming if the sun comes out.
_ We will be late unless we hurry.
_ Unless the weather improves.

As long as (mien la);
On condition that (voi dieu kien la);
Provided that (voi dieu kien la);
Granted that (gia du la);
Supposing that (gia su neu);
Only if (neu chi)
Otherwise (nguoc lai)
Whereas (conj) (ngược lại)
In case (trong truong hop)

_ I must go now otherwise (= because if I don't) I'll miss the last bus.
_ You can borrow it as long as (= on condition that) you bring it back by Thursday.
_ They could have different names as long as the data in the columns is the same.
_ Take your umbrella with you in case it rains.
_ I brought food in case we get hungry.

+ Group 5: Concession (Nhuong bo) - Contrast (X but Y):
When you want to contrast two pieces of information in a single sentence.
Though/ Although (mac du) (tells you something surprising)
Even if/ Even though (thậm chí nếu)
In spite of the fact that (mac dau);
Despite the fact that (mac du)

_ John completed the course althought it was difficult.
_ Mary feeds her cat the best cat food althought it is very expensive.

_ She still won the game although she had a bad knee.
_ They still went for a walk in spite of the fact that it was pouring with rain.

Other:
However = on the other hand (to make a contrast between different people/place or things:
_ I don't agree with a lot of his methods. However, he is good teacher.
_ Marcel thought it was a great film. Joe, however/on the other hand, thought it was stupid.

+ Group 6: Maner (The cach):
As if/ As though/ As (nhu the la)

+ Group 7: Result (Ket qua):
These words introduce a result:
So
So … that … (den noi ma) is used with adjectives/adverbs (e.g. busy/quickly)
Such … that …(den noi ma) is used with noun phrases (e.g. a busy man)
Too ... to
Therefore
Consequently (cho nên, bởi vậy, do đó, vì vậy)

_ I left the ticket at home, so I'm afraid I had to buy another one.
_ I forgot to send the letters. Consequently, some people didn't know about the meeting.
_ She was extremely hard-working and therefore deserved the promotion.
_ Both the manager and his assistant were ill. As a result, there was no-one to take decisions.

Make statements with a similar meaning using "so ... that ..."
_ Bod is very sick. He can't come to class./ Bod is so very sick that he can't come to class.
_ My chair is very hard. I can't sit comfortably.
_ Mr. Smith is very tired. He won't stay up late tonight.
_ The movie was very interesting. Susan saw it twice.
_ John's car is very old. He can't sell it.
_ Mrs. Taylor is very pleasant. Everyone likes her.
_ Some of the students were very sleepy. They fell asleep during the movie.
_ The new car was very expensive. John counldn't buy it.
_ The ceiling is very high. John can't reach it.
_ The students practiced in the lab very often. Their pronuciation improved a lot.

Make statements with a similar meaning using "such ... that ..."
_ It was a very cold day. Susan stayed home./ It was such a cold day that Susan stayed home.
_ A Cadillac is very expensive car. John can't buy one./ A Cadillac is such an expensive car that John can't buy one.
_ The Smiths are very friendly people. Everyone feels welcome at their house.
_ John has a very severe headache. He's going to go to the doctor.
_ The football team has very good player. It has never lost a game.
_ The museum is very interesting place. The students want to visit it again.

Make statements with a similar meaning using "too ... to ..."
_ Paul is too short to reach the apple on the tree.
_ Peter is too old to become a soldier.
_ These shoes are too small for me to wear.
_ This book is too difficult for the new student to read.
_ The professor is too busy to leave his office.
_ He is too sick to stand up.
_ It is too stormy for planes to fly.
_ My suitcase is too heavy to carry
_ This lake is too wide for Fred to swim across.

Notes: In addition to adjectives, the so .. that pattern is also used with adverbs (e.g rapidly) and the quantity expressions many, much, litttle and few.
_ John spoke so rapidly that I couldn't understand him.
_ Mary had so much work that she was busy all day.
_ John has so little money that he can't buy the book.

+ Group 8: Purpose (Muc dich):
A "purpose" is an intention, an aim or a reason for doing something:
That/ So That (de ma/de khoi/vi the);
In order that;
Lest That (sợ rằng);
For fear that (so rang)

_ The purpose of buying this book was to improve my English.
_ I bought this book so (that) I can improve English.
_ They went home early so (that) they could watch the match on television.

More Examples of coordinating conjunctions:
I make the cake and eat it.
She is intelligent but lazy
She was angry but she kept silent
Both men and women must join the army
She doesn’t smoke nor drink.
You can either do the test or go home
Not only adults but also children are invited.
He had no qualification; nevertheless he got the job. (tuy nhien)
We must be early; otherwise we can’t get in. (neu khong thi)
They are ugly and expensive, yet people still buy them.

I’m a teacher and I’m teaching English at Outerspace Language School
I couldn’t teach French because I didn’t learn it in my university
I started teaching when I was 24 years old.
English is so difficult to pronounce that I had to spend 6 months studying English.
I had to teach until 8:30 PM yesterday in spite of the fact that I was sleepy (mac du)
I speak English as if I were a native Canadian (nhu the)
If I have time, I’ll go back to school.
English is so difficult to pronounce that I had to spend 6 months studying American English Pronunciation.
I will review the lessons carefully so that I could pass the final exam.

And-I make the cake and eat it (2 verbs)
But-She is intelligent but lazy
She was angry but she kept silent

Both … And-Both men and women must join the army
Or/Nor-She doesn’t smoke nor drink
Either … Or..-You can either do the test or go home
Neither … Nor...-He can neither read nor write English
Not Only … But Also..-Not only adults but also children are invited.
Nevertheless-He had no qualifications; nevertheless he got the job/tuy the ma.
Otherwise/Or else-We must be early; otherwise we can’t get in/neu ko thi
Yet-They are ugly and expensive, yet people still buy them
Though/Al though/Even if/Even though/Despite the fact that/In spite of the fact that (Mac dau)
Though they’re expensive, people buy them.
We went home although/ though we did not really want to.

+ Other connecting words:
only (say S.T is not very big or not very much);
even (say S.T is surprising or unusual);
like (makes a comparison);
than (used after a comparative adjective or adverb);
also, too, as well (say S.T is extra)

_ He sleeps only 3 hours every night.
_ Even their 10 year old son works in the shop.
_ She looks like her dad.
_ She works harder than he does.
_ He works in the shop and he does also/ too/ as well.
"whether" and "whether or not"
_ I wear a raincoat whether it is raining or not.
"whenever" = at any time or every time
_ I go swimming whenever the weather is nice.
_ I read whenever I have time.